Optimizing Algorithms & Code Performance

Your app was running just fine. Until one day, users started showing up, and with them, the bottlenecks. The endpoint that worked perfectly now takes 10 seconds. And there you are, digging through logs, wondering where everything went wrong.

The good news? You’re not alone.

Optimizing software isn’t magic, but it’s also not luck. It’s about understanding what’s going on, applying the right principles, and making informed decisions. This is where code performance becomes critical—improving code performance can directly impact user experience by reducing delays and making your application more responsive.

Focusing on efficiency in your code and system design is essential to ensure your application runs smoothly and uses resources wisely. You don’t need to reinvent the wheel. There are patterns, tools, and techniques that already work. The key is knowing when (and why) to use them.

In this post, I’ll share 10 practical techniques to boost your system’s performance and scalability, with system performance as a key goal, based on real problems I faced while working on an app handling thousands of users and concurrent requests.

I know that there are endless strategies out there (some very advanced), but my goal here is to show you solutions that are simple, effective, and easy to maintain, especially for small teams with limited time and resources.

Sometimes, a few well-placed tweaks can lead to massive gains. All of these tips are technology agnostic, so you can apply them no matter what stack you’re using.

1. Design with Concurrency in Mind

Ideally, performance should be a consideration from the start. We all know it’s more expensive to fix things once the project is already live.

In my case, I knew from day one that we’d be dealing with a large number of users and lots of concurrent requests, so I made some key decisions early.

I went with asynchronous programming from the start. Using Python and FastAPI, async/await was a game changer: it helped us avoid unnecessary blocking and scale efficiently on minimal infrastructure.

The choice of programming language, such as Python, directly affects how concurrency and performance are handled. By releasing the event loop while waiting on I/O (like DB queries or external APIs), we made our backend way more efficient.

Efficient management of variables is also crucial in concurrent programming to ensure data integrity and optimize resource usage. The process of handling concurrent requests involves careful coordination to maximize throughput and minimize latency.

2. Measure Before You Optimize

Don’t guess. Don’t assume. Measure.

You might end up fixing the wrong thing, or even breaking something else.

To determine which parts of the code are causing slowdowns, start by collecting data on system performance. Use whatever works: simple logging with response times or observability tools like Prometheus + Grafana or Datadog.

I started by logging response times on our most important endpoints, where performance is measured using these logs. That alone helped us spot the slowest parts of the system. By analyzing the collected data, you can identify bottlenecks and focus your efforts where they matter most.

3. Run Things in Parallel

If you’re calling multiple services and they don’t depend on each other, run them concurrently. Running different tasks in parallel improves performance by reducing overall wait time and making better use of system resources. That way, you avoid waiting on each one serially and cut down total response time.

await asyncio.gather( get_product_details([product.id]()), get_related_products([product.id]()), get_inventory_status([product.id](), user.location_id) )

Using asyncio.gather allows multiple operations or tasks to be executed concurrently. This is perfect for speeding up API responses and improving the overall user experience.

4. Use In-Memory Storage Smartly

Not everything needs to hit the database. Some data changes rarely but gets accessed constantly. For things like config values, expensive calculations, or user info that doesn’t change often, caching with something like Redis can make a huge difference by improving data access speed.

It reduces load on your main DB and serves those frequent reads almost instantly.

5. Avoid Linear Scans on Large Lists

One of the most common mistakes when dealing with large datasets is using inefficient structures.

For example, repeatedly checking if an item exists in a large list is an O(n) operation. Convert it to a set or dict, and you get O(1) lookups.

Less efficient

any(user.id == target_id for user in users)

More efficient

user_ids = {user.id for user in users} target_id in user_ids

Tiny changes like this might seem minor, but they can seriously speed things up at scale. Always ask yourself: “Can I simplify this?”

6. Optimize Your Database

Databases are the most common bottleneck in any app. The right indexes in the right places can drastically improve query performance, but more indexes aren’t always better. You need to understand which queries run most often and what data volumes you’re dealing with.

Also, don’t fetch more than you need. If you only need a user’s name and email, don’t load their full purchase history.

7. Not Everything Needs to Happen Now

One of the biggest traps in high-traffic apps is trying to do everything during the request lifecycle. Sending an email? Hitting an external API? Updating analytics? If it’s not critical for the immediate response, push it to a background task or queue (like Celery).

This keeps your app fast and responsive without hurting the user experience.

8. Batch, Don’t Loop

If you’re looping through items and doing the same operation over and over, there’s a good chance you can batch them.

Instead of making one request per product to get its price:

for product_id in product_ids: price = await get_price(product_id)

Group them:

prices = await get_prices_bulk(product_ids)

It’s faster, cleaner, and easier to scale. You reduce overhead and avoid unnecessary latency.

9. Don’t Release Everything at Once

Roll out features gradually. Start with 5-10% of your users, monitor how it goes, and slowly increase. That way, if something goes wrong, you catch it early without taking the whole system down.

In my case, I usually start with 10% exposure, keep an eye on metrics and ramp up as confidence grows.

10. Scale Your App Horizontally

Don’t rely on a single worker to handle all traffic. Add workers and replicas to spread the load and avoid bottlenecks. Think of it as cloning your app and having multiple copies handle requests in parallel.

This makes your system more resilient and better equipped to handle traffic spikes.

Final Thoughts

This isn’t about obsessing over micro optimizations; it’s about knowing when to apply the right tool for the job.

Scaling an application properly means going beyond just writing code that works. It means understanding how each piece affects the whole and applying focused improvements that can keep your app fast and stable as demand grows.

If you’re just starting, think about this stuff early. If you’re already deep in, start by measuring. Then iterate. The sooner you start, the better your system will scale.

And the best part? Most of these techniques are simple, and you can implement them anytime.

Good luck out there!

Federico Yaroslavsky

Federico Yaroslavsky is a Full Stack Engineer at BEON.tech with a strong focus on AI-driven development. He has solid experience working with Python, C#, React, PHP, and JavaScript. Federico has led projects that integrate intelligent automation into web applications and is passionate about building scalable, high-performance solutions that blend traditional engineering with the latest in artificial intelligence.

Keep your files stored safely and securely with the SanDisk 2TB Extreme Portable SSD. With over 69,505 ratings and an impressive 4.6 out of 5 stars, this product has been purchased over 8K+ times in the past month. At only $129.99, this Amazon’s Choice product is a must-have for secure file storage.

Help keep private content private with the included password protection featuring 256-bit AES hardware encryption. Order now for just $129.99 on Amazon!

Help Power Techcratic’s Future – Scan To Support

If Techcratic’s content and insights have helped you, consider giving back by supporting the platform with crypto. Every contribution makes a difference, whether it’s for high-quality content, server maintenance, or future updates. Techcratic is constantly evolving, and your support helps drive that progress.

As a solo operator who wears all the hats, creating content, managing the tech, and running the site, your support allows me to stay focused on delivering valuable resources. Your support keeps everything running smoothly and enables me to continue creating the content you love. I’m deeply grateful for your support, it truly means the world to me! Thank you!