s-macke/VoxelSpace: Terrain rendering algorithm in less than 20 lines of code

2025-01-03 15:01:00
github.com

Let us go back to the year 1992. The CPUs were 1000 times slower than today and the acceleration via a GPU was unknown or unaffordable. 3D games were calculated exclusively on the CPU and the rendering engine rendered filled polygons with a single color.

Game Gunship 2000 published by MicroProse in 1991

It was during that year NovaLogic published the game Comanche.

Game Comanche published by NovaLogic in 1992

The graphics were breathtaking for the time being and in my opinion 3 years ahead of its time. You see many more details such as textures on mountains and valleys, and for the first time a neat shading and even shadows. Sure, it’s pixelated, but all games in those years were pixelated.

Comanche uses a technique called Voxel Space, which is based on the same ideas like ray casting. Hence the Voxel Space engine is a 2.5D engine, it doesn’t have all the levels of freedom that a regular 3D engine offers.

The easiest way to represent a terrain is through a height map and color map. For the game Comanche a 1024 * 1024 one byte height map and a 1024 * 1024 one byte color map is used which you can download on this site. These maps are periodic:

Such maps limit the terrain to “one height per position on the map” – Complex geometries such as buildings or trees are not possible to represent. However, a great advantage of the colormap is, that it already contains the shading and shadows. The Voxel Space engine just takes the color and doesn’t have to compute illumination during the render process.

For a 3D engine the rendering algorithm is amazingly simple. The Voxel Space engine rasters the height and color map and draws vertical lines. The following figure demonstrate this technique.

Clear Screen.
To guarantee occlusion start from the back and render to the front. This is called painter algorithm.
Determine the line on the map, which corresponds to the same optical distance from the observer. Consider the field of view and the perspective projection (Objects are smaller farther away)
Raster the line so that it matches the number of columns of the screen.
Retrieve the height and color from the 2D maps corresponding of the segment of the line.
Perform the perspective projection for the height coordinate.
Draw a vertical line with the corresponding color with the height retrieved from the perspective projection.

The core algorithm contains in its simplest form only a few lines of code (python syntax):

def Render(p, height, horizon, scale_height, distance, screen_width, screen_height):
    # Draw from back to the front (high z coordinate to low z coordinate)
    for z in range(distance, 1, -1):
        # Find line on map. This calculation corresponds to a field of view of 90°
        pleft  = Point(-z + p.x, -z + p.y)
        pright = Point( z + p.x, -z + p.y)
        # segment the line
        dx = (pright.x - pleft.x) / screen_width
        # Raster line and draw a vertical line for each segment
        for i in range(0, screen_width):
            height_on_screen = (height - heightmap[pleft.x, pleft.y]) / z * scale_height. + horizon
            DrawVerticalLine(i, height_on_screen, screen_height, colormap[pleft.x, pleft.y])
            pleft.x += dx

# Call the render function with the camera parameters:
# position, height, horizon line position,
# scaling factor for the height, the largest distance, 
# screen width and the screen height parameter
Render( Point(0, 0), 50, 120, 120, 300, 800, 600 )

With the algorithm above we can only view to the north. A different angle needs a few more lines of code to rotate the coordinates.

def Render(p, phi, height, horizon, scale_height, distance, screen_width, screen_height):
    # precalculate viewing angle parameters
    var sinphi = math.sin(phi);
    var cosphi = math.cos(phi);

    # Draw from back to the front (high z coordinate to low z coordinate)
    for z in range(distance, 1, -1):

        # Find line on map. This calculation corresponds to a field of view of 90°
        pleft = Point(
            (-cosphi*z - sinphi*z) + p.x,
            ( sinphi*z - cosphi*z) + p.y)
        pright = Point(
            ( cosphi*z - sinphi*z) + p.x,
            (-sinphi*z - cosphi*z) + p.y)
        
        # segment the line
        dx = (pright.x - pleft.x) / screen_width
        dy = (pright.y - pleft.y) / screen_width

        # Raster line and draw a vertical line for each segment
        for i in range(0, screen_width):
            height_on_screen = (height - heightmap[pleft.x, pleft.y]) / z * scale_height. + horizon
            DrawVerticalLine(i, height_on_screen, screen_height, colormap[pleft.x, pleft.y])
            pleft.x += dx
            pleft.y += dy

# Call the render function with the camera parameters:
# position, viewing angle, height, horizon line position, 
# scaling factor for the height, the largest distance, 
# screen width and the screen height parameter
Render( Point(0, 0), 0, 50, 120, 120, 300, 800, 600 )

There are of course a lot of tricks to achieve higher performance.

Instead of drawing from back to the front we can draw from front to back. The advantage is, the we don’t have to draw lines to the bottom of the screen every time because of occlusion. However, to guarantee occlusion we need an additional y-buffer. For every column, the highest y position is stored. Because we are drawing from the front to back, the visible part of the next line can only be larger then the highest line previously drawn.
Level of Detail. Render more details in front but less details far away.

def Render(p, phi, height, horizon, scale_height, distance, screen_width, screen_height):
    # precalculate viewing angle parameters
    var sinphi = math.sin(phi);
    var cosphi = math.cos(phi);
    
    # initialize visibility array. Y position for each column on screen 
    ybuffer = np.zeros(screen_width)
    for i in range(0, screen_width):
        ybuffer[i] = screen_height

    # Draw from front to the back (low z coordinate to high z coordinate)
    dz = 1.
    z = 1.
    while z  distance
        # Find line on map. This calculation corresponds to a field of view of 90°
        pleft = Point(
            (-cosphi*z - sinphi*z) + p.x,
            ( sinphi*z - cosphi*z) + p.y)
        pright = Point(
            ( cosphi*z - sinphi*z) + p.x,
            (-sinphi*z - cosphi*z) + p.y)

        # segment the line
        dx = (pright.x - pleft.x) / screen_width
        dy = (pright.y - pleft.y) / screen_width

        # Raster line and draw a vertical line for each segment
        for i in range(0, screen_width):
            height_on_screen = (height - heightmap[pleft.x, pleft.y]) / z * scale_height. + horizon
            DrawVerticalLine(i, height_on_screen, ybuffer[i], colormap[pleft.x, pleft.y])
            if height_on_screen  ybuffer[i]:
                ybuffer[i] = height_on_screen
            pleft.x += dx
            pleft.y += dy

        # Go to next line and increase step size when you are far away
        z += dz
        dz += 0.2

# Call the render function with the camera parameters:
# position, viewing angle, height, horizon line position, 
# scaling factor for the height, the largest distance, 
# screen width and the screen height parameter
Render( Point(0, 0), 0, 50, 120, 120, 300, 800, 600 )

Web Project demo page

Voxel terrain engine – an introduction

Personal website

color,
height

The software part of the repository is under the MIT license. Please read the license file for more information. Please keep in mind, that the Voxel Space technology might be still patented in some countries. The color and height maps are reverse engineered from the game Comanche and are therefore excluded from the license.

Source Link

Keep your files stored safely and securely with the SanDisk 2TB Extreme Portable SSD. With over 69,505 ratings and an impressive 4.6 out of 5 stars, this product has been purchased over 8K+ times in the past month. At only $129.99, this Amazon’s Choice product is a must-have for secure file storage.

Help keep private content private with the included password protection featuring 256-bit AES hardware encryption. Order now for just $129.99 on Amazon!

Start your free Amazon Prime trial
today and unlock unlimited streaming and more!

Support Techcratic

If you find value in Techcratic’s insights and articles, consider supporting us with Bitcoin. Your support helps me, as a solo operator, continue delivering high-quality content while managing all the technical aspects, from server maintenance to blog writing, future updates, and improvements. Support Innovation! Thank you.

Bitcoin Address:

bc1qlszw7elx2qahjwvaryh0tkgg8y68enw30gpvge

Please verify this address before sending funds.