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Saturday, July 12, 2025
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  • AI
    Artificial Intelligence

    Enabling Differentially Private Federated Learning for Speech Recognition: Benchmarks, Adaptive Optimizers, and Gradient Clipping

    Artificial Intelligence

    Overcoming Vocabulary Constraints with Pixel-level Fallback

    Artificial Intelligence

    Uphold ethical standards in fashion using multimodal toxicity detection with Amazon Bedrock Guardrails

    Artificial Intelligence

    10 Surprising Things You Can Do with Python’s datetime Module

    Artificial Intelligence

    New capabilities in Amazon SageMaker AI continue to transform how organizations develop AI models

    Artificial Intelligence

    Unlock retail intelligence by transforming data into actionable insights using generative AI with Amazon Q Business

    Artificial Intelligence

    Scale generative AI use cases, Part 1: Multi-tenant hub and spoke architecture using AWS Transit Gateway

    Artificial Intelligence

    Build a just-in-time knowledge base with Amazon Bedrock

    Artificial Intelligence

    Transforming network operations with AI: How Swisscom built a network assistant using Amazon Bedrock

  • Apple
    Apple’s M5 chip could continue an unexpected new trend: report

    Apple’s M5 chip could continue an unexpected new trend: report

    The best displays to pair with your new Mac

    The best displays to pair with your new Mac

    New ‘HomePad’ product gets fresh launch timing update

    New ‘HomePad’ product gets fresh launch timing update

    M4 MacBook Air, iPhone, AirPods, iPad, more 9to5Mac

    M4 MacBook Air, iPhone, AirPods, iPad, more 9to5Mac

    Leaker teases Dynamic Island’s ‘significant evolution’ ahead

    Leaker teases Dynamic Island’s ‘significant evolution’ ahead

    July 11, 2025 – Apple’s plans for new Macs, iPads, and more

    Apple Watch Ultra 3: Three new features are coming next year

    Apple Watch Ultra 3: Three new features are coming this fall

    Report: Apple set to land US F1 streaming rights in $150 million+ deal

    Report: Apple set to land US F1 streaming rights in $150 million+ deal

    Fresh leak confirms new iPhone 17 and iPhone 17 Air colors

    Fresh leak confirms new iPhone 17 and iPhone 17 Air colors

  • ComputerWorld
    AI coding tools can slow down seasoned developers by 19%

    AI coding tools can slow down seasoned developers by 19%

    Will IT turn the AI bot battle into a money maker? (And is that even a good idea?) – Computerworld

    Will IT turn the AI bot battle into a money maker? (And is that even a good idea?) – Computerworld

    Tariff uncertainty hits US PC shipments in Q2 – Computerworld

    Tariff uncertainty hits US PC shipments in Q2 – Computerworld

    The fast way to fix a frozen Start menu or taskbar in Windows – Computerworld

    The fast way to fix a frozen Start menu or taskbar in Windows – Computerworld

    Microsoft’s 19-hour Outlook outage exposes fragility in cloud infrastructure – Computerworld

    Microsoft’s 19-hour Outlook outage exposes fragility in cloud infrastructure – Computerworld

    A magically minimalist Android makeover – Computerworld

    A magically minimalist Android makeover – Computerworld

    From conversation to task completion – Computerworld

    From conversation to task completion – Computerworld

    OpenAI and Perplexity enter browser wars to take on Chrome – Computerworld

    OpenAI and Perplexity enter browser wars to take on Chrome – Computerworld

    Using OneDrive for Web – Computerworld

    Using OneDrive for Web – Computerworld

  • Gaming
    6 More Small Box Game Reviews – Sail, Tiny Epic Pirates, Diced Veggies & More!

    6 More Small Box Game Reviews – Sail, Tiny Epic Pirates, Diced Veggies & More!

    Tips for Playing Majora's Mask for the first time!

    Tips for Playing Majora's Mask for the first time!

    Hebra's Side Quest | Zelda: Breath of the Wild 100% Walkthrough “103/127” (No Commentary)

    Hebra's Side Quest | Zelda: Breath of the Wild 100% Walkthrough “103/127” (No Commentary)

    Zelda Breath of the Wild – 27 Ways to Make a Campfire

    Zelda Breath of the Wild – 27 Ways to Make a Campfire

    Ocarina of Time Walkthrough Let's Play – Part 3

    Ocarina of Time Walkthrough Let's Play – Part 3

    Should Charles Martinet voice Mario in The Super Mario Bros. Movie?*

    Should Charles Martinet voice Mario in The Super Mario Bros. Movie?*

    Final Fantasy producer Yoshi-P says ‘there’s no clear-cut answer’ to whether Final Fantasy will return to turn-based RPGs, because the direction of the next Final Fantasy will be up to the directors of the next Final Fantasy

    Final Fantasy producer Yoshi-P says ‘there’s no clear-cut answer’ to whether Final Fantasy will return to turn-based RPGs, because the direction of the next Final Fantasy will be up to the directors of the next Final Fantasy

    Zelda Ocarina of Time 3D 100% Walkthrough – Part 72/78 – Gerudo Training Ground Part 1 (Commentary)

    Zelda Ocarina of Time 3D 100% Walkthrough – Part 72/78 – Gerudo Training Ground Part 1 (Commentary)

    Capcom celebrates the first anniversary of Kunitsu-Gami: Path of the Goddess by ripping out its Denuvo DRM

    Capcom celebrates the first anniversary of Kunitsu-Gami: Path of the Goddess by ripping out its Denuvo DRM

  • Retro Rewind
    Retro Rewind: Electronic Games April 1995

    Retro Rewind: Electronic Games April 1995

    Retro Rewind: Electronic Gaming Monthly Magazine Number 55 February 1994

    Retro Rewind: Electronic Gaming Monthly Magazine Number 57 April 1994

    Retro Rewind: Blast from the Past – 35 Iconic Commercials of 1988!

    Retro Rewind: Blast from the Past – 35 Iconic Commercials of 1988!

    Retro Rewind: PC World Magazine August 1998

    Retro Rewind: PC World Magazine August 1998

    Retro Rewind: Computer Shopper Magazine September 1997

    Retro Rewind: Computer Shopper Magazine September 1997

    Retro Rewind: PC Magazine December 2015

    Retro Rewind: PC Magazine December 2015

    Retro Rewind: EDGE Magazine RETRO #1: The Guide to Classic Videogame Playing and Collecting

    Retro Rewind: EDGE Magazine RETRO #1: The Guide to Classic Videogame Playing and Collecting

    Retro Rewind: Computer Gaming World Magazine Issue 73 December 1998

    Retro Rewind: Computer Gaming World Magazine Issue 73 December 1998

    Retro Rewind: Electronic Gaming Monthly Magazine Number 55 February 1994

    Retro Rewind: Electronic Gaming Monthly Magazine Number 55 February 1994

  • Tech Art
    FUZZY ANTEATER SAD ORIGIN STORY! The Amazing Digital Circus UNOFFICIAL Animation

    FUZZY ANTEATER SAD ORIGIN STORY! The Amazing Digital Circus UNOFFICIAL Animation

    How Artificial Intelligence is slowly becoming less art-ificial | Amir Baradaran | TEDxBocaRaton

    How Artificial Intelligence is slowly becoming less art-ificial | Amir Baradaran | TEDxBocaRaton

    Northern Lights Aurora Night Sky Vector Art Tutorial Affinity Designer V2

    Northern Lights Aurora Night Sky Vector Art Tutorial Affinity Designer V2

    The 3-Piece Collage Trick I Can’t Stop Using #visualdiary

    The 3-Piece Collage Trick I Can’t Stop Using #visualdiary

    GIGANOTOSSAURO (Desenhando com Thiago)

    GIGANOTOSSAURO (Desenhando com Thiago)

    Artist Spotlight: Nina Molloy

    Artist Spotlight: Nina Molloy

    Interactive Particle Systems from Gaussian Splats in TouchDesigner! (2025 + Mac Compatible)

    Interactive Particle Systems from Gaussian Splats in TouchDesigner! (2025 + Mac Compatible)

    I Made Leon S. Kennedy (Resident Evil 4) | Timelapse Sculpture

    I Made Leon S. Kennedy (Resident Evil 4) | Timelapse Sculpture

    Pixel art is here

    Pixel art is here

  • Tech Deals
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    S660 PCIe 4.0 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD for PS5 with Heatsink, Up to 5000MB/s, Internal Gaming…

    Intel Core i5-13500 2.50GHz 14 Cores LGA1700 Desktop Processor Boxed (Raptor Lake)

    Intel Core i5-13500 2.50GHz 14 Cores LGA1700 Desktop Processor Boxed (Raptor Lake)

    Hitachi 322898 Side Handle C10FCE2 C10FCH2 Replacement Part

    Hitachi 322898 Side Handle C10FCE2 C10FCH2 Replacement Part

    PC-VR Streaming Air Link Compatible with Meta Quest 3S/3/2 AX3000 WiFi6 VR Router,…

    PC-VR Streaming Air Link Compatible with Meta Quest 3S/3/2 AX3000 WiFi6 VR Router,…

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    Crucial X9 2TB Portable SSD, Up to 1050MB/s, USB 3.2 USB-C, External Solid State Drive,…

    CORSAIR VIRTUOSO RGB WIRELESS XT Multiplatform Gaming Headset With Bluetooth – Dolby…

    CORSAIR VIRTUOSO RGB WIRELESS XT Multiplatform Gaming Headset With Bluetooth – Dolby…

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    [Designed for Microsoft Surface] Cable Matters Desk Mount for Microsoft Surface…

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    Asrock B650MProRSWiFi Mb Asrockb650m Pro Rs WiFi R

    Wireless Retro Game Console

    Wireless Retro Game Console

  • Techs Got To Eat
    Bacon & Spinach Mug Quiche: 3-Minute Gourmet Breakfast

    Bacon & Spinach Mug Quiche: 3-Minute Gourmet Breakfast

    Cheesy Broccoli Rice Mug: 5-Minute Super Comfort Food

    Cheesy Broccoli Rice Mug: 5-Minute Super Comfort Food

    Top 10 Vegetarian Recipes for 2025: Easy and Nutritious Meals for Busy People

    Top 10 Vegetarian Recipes for 2025: Easy and Nutritious Meals for Busy People

    Bacon Mug Lasagna: 5-Minute Microwave Meat Lover’s Dream

    Bacon Mug Lasagna: 5-Minute Microwave Meat Lover’s Dream

    Bacon Fried Rice Mug: 5-Minute Microwave Meal

    Bacon Fried Rice Mug: 5-Minute Microwave Meal

    Bacon & Cheddar Mug Biscuit: 2-Minute Savory Comfort

    Bacon & Cheddar Mug Biscuit: 2-Minute Savory Comfort

    Loaded Bacon Cheesy Potato Mug: 5-Minute Comfort Food

    Loaded Bacon Cheesy Potato Mug: 5-Minute Comfort Food

    Peanut Butter Banana Mug Muffin: 5-Minute Protein Snack

    Peanut Butter Banana Mug Muffin: 5-Minute Protein Snack

    Oreo Mug Cake: 2-Minute Cookie & Cake Combo!

    Oreo Mug Cake: 2-Minute Cookie & Cake Combo!

  • Tesla
    Spigen Armrest Console Organizer for Tesla Model Y (2020-2024) & 3 (2017-2023) [Not…

    Spigen Armrest Console Organizer for Tesla Model Y (2020-2024) & 3 (2017-2023) [Not…

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    Upgrade Rear Trunk Hook for Tesla Model Y Trunk Grocery Bag Hooks for 5 Seater Tesla…

    Rear Trunk Spoiler Wing ABS Fit for Tesla Model Y 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 High…

    Rear Trunk Spoiler Wing ABS Fit for Tesla Model Y 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 High…

    2024-2025 Tesla Model 3 Highland Trunk Organizer – 2PCS Waterproof TPE Rear Trunk…

    2024-2025 Tesla Model 3 Highland Trunk Organizer – 2PCS Waterproof TPE Rear Trunk…

    Elon Musk says Tesla Robotaxi is coming to California, but no one other than shareholders believe him

    Elon Musk says Tesla Robotaxi is coming to California, but no one other than shareholders believe him

    1038548-00-I Charging Port Door Assembly Compatible with 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Tesla…

    1038548-00-I Charging Port Door Assembly Compatible with 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Tesla…

    Panasonic reportedly delays production ramp at US battery factory due to low Tesla demand

    Panasonic reportedly delays production ramp at US battery factory due to low Tesla demand

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  • UFO
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    Planner 2025-2026, Academic Year Weekly and Monthly Calender Planner, July 2025 – June 2026, Spiral Bound School Planning Tool, Perfect for Teacher, Student, Women & Men – A5 (6.3″ x 8.5″), Green

    Planner 2025-2026, Academic Year Weekly and Monthly Calender Planner, July 2025 – June 2026, Spiral Bound School Planning Tool, Perfect for Teacher, Student, Women & Men – A5 (6.3″ x 8.5″), Green

    Dissecting 9/11 Conspiracy Theories – First Tuesday Lecture

    Dissecting 9/11 Conspiracy Theories – First Tuesday Lecture

    The Chosen: Season 1-4 – Standard Edition DVD 4-Pack

    The Chosen: Season 1-4 – Standard Edition DVD 4-Pack

    AI This Week Unidentified Flying Object

    AI This Week Unidentified Flying Object

    007: James Bond – Sean Connery 6-Film Collection (4K Ultra HD + Digital)

    007: James Bond – Sean Connery 6-Film Collection (4K Ultra HD + Digital)

    F 14 D fighter jet sightings

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    Roswell New Mexico UFO Vintage Retro T T-Shirt

    Roswell New Mexico UFO Vintage Retro T T-Shirt

    Top 5 Sky Phenomena That Look Totally Broken

    Top 5 Sky Phenomena That Look Totally Broken

  • AI
    Artificial Intelligence

    Enabling Differentially Private Federated Learning for Speech Recognition: Benchmarks, Adaptive Optimizers, and Gradient Clipping

    Artificial Intelligence

    Overcoming Vocabulary Constraints with Pixel-level Fallback

    Artificial Intelligence

    Uphold ethical standards in fashion using multimodal toxicity detection with Amazon Bedrock Guardrails

    Artificial Intelligence

    10 Surprising Things You Can Do with Python’s datetime Module

    Artificial Intelligence

    New capabilities in Amazon SageMaker AI continue to transform how organizations develop AI models

    Artificial Intelligence

    Unlock retail intelligence by transforming data into actionable insights using generative AI with Amazon Q Business

    Artificial Intelligence

    Scale generative AI use cases, Part 1: Multi-tenant hub and spoke architecture using AWS Transit Gateway

    Artificial Intelligence

    Build a just-in-time knowledge base with Amazon Bedrock

    Artificial Intelligence

    Transforming network operations with AI: How Swisscom built a network assistant using Amazon Bedrock

  • Apple
    Apple’s M5 chip could continue an unexpected new trend: report

    Apple’s M5 chip could continue an unexpected new trend: report

    The best displays to pair with your new Mac

    The best displays to pair with your new Mac

    New ‘HomePad’ product gets fresh launch timing update

    New ‘HomePad’ product gets fresh launch timing update

    M4 MacBook Air, iPhone, AirPods, iPad, more 9to5Mac

    M4 MacBook Air, iPhone, AirPods, iPad, more 9to5Mac

    Leaker teases Dynamic Island’s ‘significant evolution’ ahead

    Leaker teases Dynamic Island’s ‘significant evolution’ ahead

    July 11, 2025 – Apple’s plans for new Macs, iPads, and more

    Apple Watch Ultra 3: Three new features are coming next year

    Apple Watch Ultra 3: Three new features are coming this fall

    Report: Apple set to land US F1 streaming rights in $150 million+ deal

    Report: Apple set to land US F1 streaming rights in $150 million+ deal

    Fresh leak confirms new iPhone 17 and iPhone 17 Air colors

    Fresh leak confirms new iPhone 17 and iPhone 17 Air colors

  • ComputerWorld
    AI coding tools can slow down seasoned developers by 19%

    AI coding tools can slow down seasoned developers by 19%

    Will IT turn the AI bot battle into a money maker? (And is that even a good idea?) – Computerworld

    Will IT turn the AI bot battle into a money maker? (And is that even a good idea?) – Computerworld

    Tariff uncertainty hits US PC shipments in Q2 – Computerworld

    Tariff uncertainty hits US PC shipments in Q2 – Computerworld

    The fast way to fix a frozen Start menu or taskbar in Windows – Computerworld

    The fast way to fix a frozen Start menu or taskbar in Windows – Computerworld

    Microsoft’s 19-hour Outlook outage exposes fragility in cloud infrastructure – Computerworld

    Microsoft’s 19-hour Outlook outage exposes fragility in cloud infrastructure – Computerworld

    A magically minimalist Android makeover – Computerworld

    A magically minimalist Android makeover – Computerworld

    From conversation to task completion – Computerworld

    From conversation to task completion – Computerworld

    OpenAI and Perplexity enter browser wars to take on Chrome – Computerworld

    OpenAI and Perplexity enter browser wars to take on Chrome – Computerworld

    Using OneDrive for Web – Computerworld

    Using OneDrive for Web – Computerworld

  • Gaming
    6 More Small Box Game Reviews – Sail, Tiny Epic Pirates, Diced Veggies & More!

    6 More Small Box Game Reviews – Sail, Tiny Epic Pirates, Diced Veggies & More!

    Tips for Playing Majora's Mask for the first time!

    Tips for Playing Majora's Mask for the first time!

    Hebra's Side Quest | Zelda: Breath of the Wild 100% Walkthrough “103/127” (No Commentary)

    Hebra's Side Quest | Zelda: Breath of the Wild 100% Walkthrough “103/127” (No Commentary)

    Zelda Breath of the Wild – 27 Ways to Make a Campfire

    Zelda Breath of the Wild – 27 Ways to Make a Campfire

    Ocarina of Time Walkthrough Let's Play – Part 3

    Ocarina of Time Walkthrough Let's Play – Part 3

    Should Charles Martinet voice Mario in The Super Mario Bros. Movie?*

    Should Charles Martinet voice Mario in The Super Mario Bros. Movie?*

    Final Fantasy producer Yoshi-P says ‘there’s no clear-cut answer’ to whether Final Fantasy will return to turn-based RPGs, because the direction of the next Final Fantasy will be up to the directors of the next Final Fantasy

    Final Fantasy producer Yoshi-P says ‘there’s no clear-cut answer’ to whether Final Fantasy will return to turn-based RPGs, because the direction of the next Final Fantasy will be up to the directors of the next Final Fantasy

    Zelda Ocarina of Time 3D 100% Walkthrough – Part 72/78 – Gerudo Training Ground Part 1 (Commentary)

    Zelda Ocarina of Time 3D 100% Walkthrough – Part 72/78 – Gerudo Training Ground Part 1 (Commentary)

    Capcom celebrates the first anniversary of Kunitsu-Gami: Path of the Goddess by ripping out its Denuvo DRM

    Capcom celebrates the first anniversary of Kunitsu-Gami: Path of the Goddess by ripping out its Denuvo DRM

  • Retro Rewind
    Retro Rewind: Electronic Games April 1995

    Retro Rewind: Electronic Games April 1995

    Retro Rewind: Electronic Gaming Monthly Magazine Number 55 February 1994

    Retro Rewind: Electronic Gaming Monthly Magazine Number 57 April 1994

    Retro Rewind: Blast from the Past – 35 Iconic Commercials of 1988!

    Retro Rewind: Blast from the Past – 35 Iconic Commercials of 1988!

    Retro Rewind: PC World Magazine August 1998

    Retro Rewind: PC World Magazine August 1998

    Retro Rewind: Computer Shopper Magazine September 1997

    Retro Rewind: Computer Shopper Magazine September 1997

    Retro Rewind: PC Magazine December 2015

    Retro Rewind: PC Magazine December 2015

    Retro Rewind: EDGE Magazine RETRO #1: The Guide to Classic Videogame Playing and Collecting

    Retro Rewind: EDGE Magazine RETRO #1: The Guide to Classic Videogame Playing and Collecting

    Retro Rewind: Computer Gaming World Magazine Issue 73 December 1998

    Retro Rewind: Computer Gaming World Magazine Issue 73 December 1998

    Retro Rewind: Electronic Gaming Monthly Magazine Number 55 February 1994

    Retro Rewind: Electronic Gaming Monthly Magazine Number 55 February 1994

  • Tech Art
    FUZZY ANTEATER SAD ORIGIN STORY! The Amazing Digital Circus UNOFFICIAL Animation

    FUZZY ANTEATER SAD ORIGIN STORY! The Amazing Digital Circus UNOFFICIAL Animation

    How Artificial Intelligence is slowly becoming less art-ificial | Amir Baradaran | TEDxBocaRaton

    How Artificial Intelligence is slowly becoming less art-ificial | Amir Baradaran | TEDxBocaRaton

    Northern Lights Aurora Night Sky Vector Art Tutorial Affinity Designer V2

    Northern Lights Aurora Night Sky Vector Art Tutorial Affinity Designer V2

    The 3-Piece Collage Trick I Can’t Stop Using #visualdiary

    The 3-Piece Collage Trick I Can’t Stop Using #visualdiary

    GIGANOTOSSAURO (Desenhando com Thiago)

    GIGANOTOSSAURO (Desenhando com Thiago)

    Artist Spotlight: Nina Molloy

    Artist Spotlight: Nina Molloy

    Interactive Particle Systems from Gaussian Splats in TouchDesigner! (2025 + Mac Compatible)

    Interactive Particle Systems from Gaussian Splats in TouchDesigner! (2025 + Mac Compatible)

    I Made Leon S. Kennedy (Resident Evil 4) | Timelapse Sculpture

    I Made Leon S. Kennedy (Resident Evil 4) | Timelapse Sculpture

    Pixel art is here

    Pixel art is here

  • Tech Deals
    S660 PCIe 4.0 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD for PS5 with Heatsink, Up to 5000MB/s, Internal Gaming…

    S660 PCIe 4.0 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD for PS5 with Heatsink, Up to 5000MB/s, Internal Gaming…

    Intel Core i5-13500 2.50GHz 14 Cores LGA1700 Desktop Processor Boxed (Raptor Lake)

    Intel Core i5-13500 2.50GHz 14 Cores LGA1700 Desktop Processor Boxed (Raptor Lake)

    Hitachi 322898 Side Handle C10FCE2 C10FCH2 Replacement Part

    Hitachi 322898 Side Handle C10FCE2 C10FCH2 Replacement Part

    PC-VR Streaming Air Link Compatible with Meta Quest 3S/3/2 AX3000 WiFi6 VR Router,…

    PC-VR Streaming Air Link Compatible with Meta Quest 3S/3/2 AX3000 WiFi6 VR Router,…

    Crucial X9 2TB Portable SSD, Up to 1050MB/s, USB 3.2 USB-C, External Solid State Drive,…

    Crucial X9 2TB Portable SSD, Up to 1050MB/s, USB 3.2 USB-C, External Solid State Drive,…

    CORSAIR VIRTUOSO RGB WIRELESS XT Multiplatform Gaming Headset With Bluetooth – Dolby…

    CORSAIR VIRTUOSO RGB WIRELESS XT Multiplatform Gaming Headset With Bluetooth – Dolby…

    [Designed for Microsoft Surface] Cable Matters Desk Mount for Microsoft Surface…

    [Designed for Microsoft Surface] Cable Matters Desk Mount for Microsoft Surface…

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    Asrock B650MProRSWiFi Mb Asrockb650m Pro Rs WiFi R

    Wireless Retro Game Console

    Wireless Retro Game Console

  • Techs Got To Eat
    Bacon & Spinach Mug Quiche: 3-Minute Gourmet Breakfast

    Bacon & Spinach Mug Quiche: 3-Minute Gourmet Breakfast

    Cheesy Broccoli Rice Mug: 5-Minute Super Comfort Food

    Cheesy Broccoli Rice Mug: 5-Minute Super Comfort Food

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    Bacon Mug Lasagna: 5-Minute Microwave Meat Lover’s Dream

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    Peanut Butter Banana Mug Muffin: 5-Minute Protein Snack

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    Oreo Mug Cake: 2-Minute Cookie & Cake Combo!

  • Tesla
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    Spigen Armrest Console Organizer for Tesla Model Y (2020-2024) & 3 (2017-2023) [Not…

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    2024-2025 Tesla Model 3 Highland Trunk Organizer – 2PCS Waterproof TPE Rear Trunk…

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    PARANORMAL ACTIVITY: NEXT OF KIN (2021) Ending Explained

    PARANORMAL ACTIVITY: NEXT OF KIN (2021) Ending Explained

    Planner 2025-2026, Academic Year Weekly and Monthly Calender Planner, July 2025 – June 2026, Spiral Bound School Planning Tool, Perfect for Teacher, Student, Women & Men – A5 (6.3″ x 8.5″), Green

    Planner 2025-2026, Academic Year Weekly and Monthly Calender Planner, July 2025 – June 2026, Spiral Bound School Planning Tool, Perfect for Teacher, Student, Women & Men – A5 (6.3″ x 8.5″), Green

    Dissecting 9/11 Conspiracy Theories – First Tuesday Lecture

    Dissecting 9/11 Conspiracy Theories – First Tuesday Lecture

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    The Chosen: Season 1-4 – Standard Edition DVD 4-Pack

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    007: James Bond – Sean Connery 6-Film Collection (4K Ultra HD + Digital)

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Techcratic
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Home Physics

Certain bacteria perform a trick that could keep plants healthy

Physics by Physics
January 2, 2025
in Physics
Reading Time: 7 mins read
139
A A
0

2025-01-02 15:31:00
phys.org

These bacteria perform a trick that could keep plants healthy
Credit: Cell Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115063

To stay healthy, plants balance the energy they put into growing with the amount they use to defend against harmful bacteria. The mechanisms behind this equilibrium have largely remained mysterious. Now, engineers at Princeton have found an answer in an unexpected place: the harmless—or sometimes beneficial—bacteria that cluster around plants’ roots.

In an article published in the journal Cell Reports, researchers have shown that some types of soil bacteria can influence a plant’s balance of growth and defense. The bacteria produce an enzyme that can lower a plant’s immune activity and allow its roots to grow longer than they would otherwise.

“This is trying to get at a really big biological question where there are not good answers—about how microbiomes interface with host immune systems,” said senior study author Jonathan Conway, an assistant professor of chemical and biological engineering. “It’s a small step in the direction of trying to understand how microbes live on hosts—either plants or humans or other animals—all the time and don’t activate our immune responses constantly.”

To search for immune-balancing bacteria, Conway’s team turned to plants that were engineered to have heightened immune responses to a protein that makes up the thread-like appendages called flagella that allow bacteria to swim. The protein that makes up flagella, called flagellin, is a potent trigger of immune responses in hosts from plants to humans.

The researchers grew seedlings of Arabidopsis—a small plant in the mustard family that’s commonly used in plant research—from a line that was engineered to produce high levels of flagellin-sensing immune receptor in its roots. When grown on plates containing the piece of flagellin that activates this receptor, the seedlings’ roots are short and stubby, since their energy is directed toward immunity more than growth.

The experiment involved growing the seedlings on plates with flagellin as well as with 165 different bacterial species isolated from the roots of soil-grown Arabidopsis. Of these isolates, 68 (41%) suppressed the stunted growth response by tamping down the plants’ immunity and allowing their roots to grow longer.

One of the bacterial species that allowed the roots to grow the best was Dyella japonica. Previous work had shown that this species’ immune-modulating activity was dependent on a bacterial secretion system—a protein complex that can move substances out of bacterial cells and into the environment, including inside plant cells or the spaces between plant cells.

A scan of D. japonica’s genome revealed a gene encoding a secreted enzyme called a subtilase, with the potential ability to chop flagellin into small pieces and prevent it from activating the immune response.

The team used both genetic and biochemical methods to demonstrate that the subtilase enzyme was indeed capable of degrading the specific segment of flagellin that triggers the immune response. The degradation was sufficient to tamp down the immune response and allow for increased growth in Arabidopsis seedlings.

The researchers ran into some snags when trying to purify the subtilase enzyme, said Samuel Eastman, a co-first author of the paper and a postdoctoral research associate in Conway’s lab. Obtaining pure protein is essential for definitively demonstrating an enzyme’s function in a test tube.

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In 2023, Eastman presented a poster on the project at a conference in Providence, Rhode Island, and was approached by Todd Naumann, a chemist at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service in Peoria, Illinois. Naumann said his experience suggested the enzyme could be purified from yeast cells, rather than bacteria.

Within a couple of months, Naumann had purified the protein and shipped it to Princeton.

“Now we can do chemistry with it, and we can actually look at this in vitro,” said Eastman. “We’re able to achieve a level of investigation into this protein that wouldn’t have been possible without that collaboration.”

Naumann is a co-author on the paper, along with eight other Princeton researchers in addition to Eastman and Conway. The process of screening and verifying 165 bacterial isolates was a lengthy team effort, and six undergraduates were integral to this and other aspects of the work, said Conway. Britley Jones, a member of Princeton’s Class of 2023, played a key role in screening the bacterial collection as part of her senior thesis.

Eastman shares lead authorship of the paper with postdoctoral research associate Ting Jiang and Kaeli Ficco, a 2024 Princeton graduate who is now a Ph.D. student at Cornell University. As part of her thesis, Ficco helped engineer mutant bacterial strains that demonstrated a genetic requirement for the subtilase gene in immune suppression and developed some of the experimental methods herself.

“I really liked how discovery-based the project was,” said Ficco. “That definitely influenced my trajectory after Princeton.” Now, she is beginning studies on the regulation of immunity by the human microbiome.

Beyond analyzing the specific enzyme produced by D. japonica, the team found that similar genes are found in many common soil bacteria, and their assays showed that dozens of bacterial isolates could suppress flagellin-induced immunity.

Now, they would like to better understand why these enzymes may be advantageous to both bacteria and their plant hosts. One hypothesis is that chopping up the flagella of pathogens prevents them from moving and invading a plant’s roots.

“So, in that way it could be suppressing pathogens as well as the plant immune system,” said Eastman. An alternative hypothesis is that these enzymes are “suppressing the immune system so a pathogen could maybe go undetected and cause more disease than it would otherwise.”

The latter scenario would be problematic in harnessing this phenomenon to improve growth in agricultural settings, because it could make plants more vulnerable to disease. So, more study is needed, said Eastman.

“We don’t want to compromise the immune system, but we also want plants to save that immune response for when it matters,” he said. “We want them to keep calm and keep growing.”

More information:
Samuel Eastman et al, A type II secreted subtilase from commensal rhizobacteria cleaves immune elicitor peptides and suppresses flg22-induced immune activation, Cell Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115063

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Princeton University


Citation:
Certain bacteria perform a trick that could keep plants healthy (2025, January 2)
retrieved 2 January 2025
from https://phys.org/news/2025-01-bacteria-healthy.html

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